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King's Guide to Referencing

Add footnotes to your document

For guidance on adding footnotes to your document, select one of the options below:

This page provides examples of how to reference common information sources. For an exhaustive list of item types see Chicago 17th guidance in Cite Them Right Online (King's login required).

Book

In-text citation

1. Zadie Smith, On Beauty (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2005), 124-126.

In the footnote include page numbers identifying the specific pages the ideas you are referencing come from. 

Bibliography

Smith, Zadie. On Beauty. London: Hamish Hamilton, 2005.

Journal article

In-text citation

1. Gail Edwards and Gary Thomas, "Can Reflective Practice be Taught?" Educational Studies 36, no. 4 (2010): 405, https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690903424790.

In the footnote include page numbers identifying the specific pages the ideas you are referencing come from.

Bibliography

Edwards, Gail, and Gary Thomas. "Can Reflective Practice be Taught?" Educational Studies 36, no. 4 (2010): 403-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690903424790.

Chapter in a book

In-text citation

1. Young Sook Lee, "Finding the Means to Improve Services," in Improving Library Services to People With Disabilities, ed. Courtney Deines-Jones (Oxford: Chandos, 2007), 107.

In the footnote include page numbers identifying the specific pages the ideas you are referencing come from.

Bibliography

Lee, Young Sook. "Finding the Means to Improve Services." In Improving Library Services to People With Disabilities, edited by Courtney Deines-Jones, 105-108. Oxford: Chandos, 2007.

You can see the specific chapter is referenced first, and the book itself is referenced with 'In' and the book's title. This system is used when your chapter was not written by the book's author or editor.

Webpage

In-text citation

1. Lynn Nguyen, "Forever Changes: Climate Lessons from Ancient Egypt," Yale University, August 2, 2021, https://news.yale.edu/2021/08/02/forever-changes-climate-lessons-ancient-egypt.
2. Yale University, "About Yale: Yale Facts," last accessed May 1, 2017, https://yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Bibliography

Nguyen, Lynn. “Forever Changes: Climate Lessons from Ancient Egypt.” Yale University. August 2, 2021. https://news.yale.edu/2021/08/02/forever-changes-climate-lessons-ancient-egypt.
Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Last accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Citing something more than once

In-text citation

If a second citation occurs within the same footnote, you can just use the author's surname and title of the piece again, or a shortened version of the title, along with a page number(s). Please note, Chicago 17th discourages the use of ibid. for repeated citations of the same source.  

1. Zadie Smith, On Beauty (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2005), 225.
2. Smith, On Beauty, 240.
3. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 81.
4. Agamben, Homo Sacer, 123.
5. Smith, On Beauty, 242.

If your second citation occurs in another footnote i.e. on another page, it will need to be cited fully again.

Film

In-text citation

1. North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD/VHS.
2. "Crop Duster Attack", North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD/VHS.

Bibliography

Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. North by Northwest. 1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000. DVD/VHS.

Citing and Referencing: Generative AI

King's has produced new student guidance on the use of generative AI tools. Students are not expected to reference generative AI but are expected to acknowledge its use through a statement. Please see the central Student Guidance for details. 

King's Footnotes Style Guide

King's Footnote style is in practice the Chicago Footnote style. This means citations are placed in numbered footnotes.You will still need to create a bibliography or reference list in alphabetical order at the end of your document when using this style.

Want to know more about the Author-Date, Footnotes, or Numbered style?

Need to know more about the Author-Date, Footnotes, or Numbered styles?

You can find videos to learn more about the styles in use and some quizzes you can take to make sure you know what you need to do, on KLaSS:

Bibliographies

You need to provide a list of the sources you have used. In the Chicago style this is called a Bibliography. It is arranged in alphabetical order of author's surname:

Bibliography

Bowden, Hugh, and John Pearce. "Seeing the Gods in Roman London." In Visualising a Sacred City: London, Art and Religion, edited by Ben Quash, Aaron Rosen and Chloe Reddaway, 19-38. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2017.
Gollner, Adam. The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession. London: Souvenir, 2010.
MacDonald, Susan Peck. "The Erasure of Language." College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.